Background Information

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


Daffy's ElixirRef 1-1235
Aka Elixir salutis. A specific, invented by Rev Thomas Daffy [16??-1680], Vicar of Redmile in Leicestershire, which was popular in the 18th century as a remedy for coughs and colds in children.

It consisted of senna and was commonly mixed with gin.

The word daffy became a slang term for gin

DamaskRef 1-140
A fine, lustrous cloth made of linen, cotton or wool, and with a woven pattern which is designed with flat patterns and a satin weave to catch and reflect the light. Originally made of silk, it came from China via Damascus, and is one of the oldest and most popular fabrics to be found today. From around 1840, the design was produced on Jacquard looms.

All-wool damask was made in Halifax and Ovenden. Akroyd's records show that they produced the fabric in 1824. H. C. McCrea made his fortune from manufacturing the cloth.

Damask of mohair and alpaca was made in Bradford. Damask of coloured cotton and wool was made in Barnsley.

See Figured cloth

Damask industryRef 1-346
All-wool damask was made in Halifax and Ovenden. In the early 19th century, several mills moved from wool and cotton production to damask.

In 1827, Akroyd's bought a Jacquard loom for the production of damask, but this did not work successfully.

See Figures, Industry, Henry Charles McCrea, Silk industry and John Wilson

DampingRef 1-265
A conditioning process used in cloth-making in which woollen cloth is wetted between two layers of fabric which have been soaked in water

DanegeldRef 1-1037
A 10th century tax imposed to defend Britain against the Danes, or to buy them off.

See Geld

DanelawRef 1-318
The area of northern and eastern England which was under the administrative control of the Danes from the late 9th century. It was roughly the area to the north and east of a line drawn between London and Chester

See By, Domesday Book, Finkel Street, Patronymic surnames and Wapentake

Dardanelles / Gallipoli CampaignRef 1-1198
A campaign in the Gallipoli peninsula of Turkey [between 25th April 1915 & 9th January 1916].

The Allied powers – Russia, Britain & France – launches a naval attack and amphibious landing with the intention of capturing the Ottoman capital, Constantinople [Istanbul].

After 8 months of fighting, the land campaign was abandoned and the Allies withdrew to Egypt.

See Suvla Bay

Darney SocietyRef 1-2697
A group of people – such as those at Heptonstall and Crimsworth Dean – who followed William Darney.

Around 1740, Darney returned to Scotland, leaving the Societies in William Grimshaw's care

Dash wheelRef 1-D24
A large hollow drum – divided into 4 compartments – which rotated backwards and forwards and was used for washing cloth

DatesRef 1-573

DatestoneRef 1-986
Many 16th and 17th century houses have a stone or plaque with the year and the initials of the owner – and his wife – set into the stone work. This may be over a door, or over a chimney breast. This does not always indicate when the house was built, but it may record when the owner carried out work on the building, or it may commemorate the owner's marriage, or some other significant event.

See Dates of some local buildings

DaughterRef 1-D30
The word was often used to mean daughter-in-law

Day hole pitRef 1-154
Aka Day 'oyle. A local name for a drift mine

See Adit

Daytall workRef 1-D6
Day labour with wages paid on a day-by-day basis

Dead-houseRef 1-D34
A mortuary, room or building where bodies were kept prior to burial, as at a workhouse

Dead Man's PennyRef 1-1205
Aka Death Penny.

A Memorial plaque – about 5 inches in diameter – which was given to the family of those who had been killed in World War I.

These were frequently fixed to gravestones, and examples can still found, such as those of

Death penaltyRef 1-1094
Capital punishment had long been handed out for many crimes – see Gibbet Law.

In 1823, the death penalty in Britain was dropped for over 100 crimes and offences.

The situation in the armed services is different. See Death penalty in World War I.

On 6th December 1969, the House of Commons abolished the death penalty for murder.

In 1971, the death penalty was abolished for anyone committing arson at a Royal Navy shipyard or harbour.

In 1999, the death penalty was abolished for all crimes.

See Hanging

Death PennyRef 1-1062

Death RatesRef 1-D16

DeathsRef 1-D18

Deaths in ChildbirthRef 1-1092

Debtors' prisonRef 1-1841
A prison for the detention of people who owe money. There were often privately-run, profit-making concerns.

The inmates were allowed visitors and had to pay for their keep.

These were abolished in 1869.

See Gaol, Hanson Lane gaol, Illingworth Gaol and Sponging-house

Decay of Towns & Houses, Act against the [1597]Ref 1-2398
Passed to tackle the growing poverty and social distress after many people were dying in the street from want and neglect

DecimalisationRef 1-397
In 1971, the old pounds, shilling and pence currency in Britain was replaced by the decimal pounds and pence system. Many old coins were discontinued at the same time

DecimationRef 1-148
A 10% tax on income from land imposed by Parliament on Royalists and Royalist supporters in 1655. This tax was often imposed posthumously.

Several local men had to pay the tax, including William Blythman, Richard Brighouse, Matthew Brodley, Bryan Cooke, John Crossley, Captain Nathan Drake, Rev Samuel Drake, Edward Fox, Anthony Foxcroft, Colonel Sir Richard Hutton, Bishop John Lake, Tobias Law, Dr Richard Marsh, James Murgatroyd, Rev Jonathan Schofield, Abraham Sunderland, Captain Langdale Sunderland, George Wentworth, Sir George Wentworth and Joshua Whitley

Declaration of IndulgenceRef 1-2420
[1672] Permitted freedom of worship and allowed for the cancellation of all penal legislation against and Catholics.

See Act of Toleration

DeedRef 1-992
A document which transfers ownership and title of property.

The West Riding register of deeds opened in Wakefield in 1704.

See Title deed

DeerRef 1-2072
See Deer park and Hunting

Deer parkRef 1-963
Parks for breeding and hunting deer were known at the time of the Norman Conquest. Most were created in the 12th/13th century, but they declined until revived in the 17th century. Such parks were enclosed by pales and palisades, banks and ditches. Red deer, roe deer, and fallow deer were kept in the parks.

See Emparking and Erringden Park

Defence of the Realm Act [1914]Ref 1-D2
Aka DORA. This was introduced in August 1914 and granted emergency powers which gave the Government greater control over civilian life during World War I. It allowed the government to requisition raw materials, to control labour, and to censor foreign correspondence. It was superseded by the Emergency Powers Act [1920]

DeforciantRef 1-D29
A term used in mediæval documents meaning

  • the seller
  • someone who withholds or restrains possession from the rightful  owner of an estate or property
  • someone who is wrongly fined

This & associated entries use material contributed by Joanne Backhouse

DelphRef 1-634
Aka delf or delvers. Element used in place names, the word means a quarry and – like the verb delve – comes from the Old English word delfan, to dig.

The word is also used to refer to a drain behind a dyke or embankment on the landward side of a canal

DelveRef 1-D28
To dig or burrow. A delver is anyone whose work involves digging, and may include coal-miners and quarry-workers.

Many local pubs have names such as Delvers' Arms because the catered for these workers.

The word is frequently encountered in local place names, and – like the noun delph – the word comes from the Anglo-Saxon word delfan [to dig]

DemesneRef 1-1643
A manorial home farm. That portion of a village's fields which were used solely by – or for – the lord of the manor and not occupied permanently by tenants. The land was worked by peasants as a part of their obligations to the lord.

See Ancient demesne, High farming and Thistletack

DemiseRef 1-1718
To convey by will or lease an estate either in fee or for a specified period

Demonstration ParadeRef 1-893
A demonstration is a procession, typically as a fund-raising event.

See Brighouse Friendly Societies & Trade Parade, Brighouse Hospital Demonstration Parade, Infirmary Demonstration and Mytholmroyd Demonstration

DenRef 1-635
Also dene. Old English element used in place names – such as Hebden and Ovenden - and in the surname Sugden and Dearden - and means a valley.

The Old English element denn was a woodland pasture – often for pigs

DenariusRef 1-2954
A Roman silver coin. The name means ten asses, a smaller value coin.

See Denier and Penny

DeneRef 1-636
Also Den. This Old English element used in place names and means a valley

DenierRef 1-2978
A small silver coin used in France and western Europe from the 8th to the 19th centuries.

See Denier and Sol

DenierRef 1-954
A unit of measurement for measuring the weight per unit length of a fine silk, rayon, or nylon yarn or filament. It is the weight in grammes of 9000 metres of the yarn.

The name was the name of a Roman coin and comes from the Old French / Middle English form of the Latin denarius

DenizenshipRef 1-D11
A foreign person who received British citizenship by royal letters patent. They were not allowed to inherit or hold public office

DentRef 1-176
A reed wire and the space between adjacent wires

DeodandRef 1-D22
Any instrument – animate or inanimate – which brings about the death of a person. Until 1862, this could be forfeited to the Crown for charitable purposes

DeponentRef 1-D27
Someone who makes a written or oral statement on oath in connection with a legal case

Deputy LieutenantRef 1-1075
Abbr: DL. The Deputy to the Lord Lieutenant of a county.

At least 20 Deputy Lieutenants are appointed for each county by the Lord Lieutenant for the county, and the appointments are subject to the sovereign's approval.

In order to be eligible for selection, the Deputy Lieutenant must be a peer of the realm and must have a place of residence within the county, or he must hold an estate in the United Kingdom, or he must have a specified annual income, or he must be the heir-apparent of such a person.

Except when he is standing in for the absent Lord Lieutenant, the duties of the office are nominal, and may include the swearing-in of military recruits in the county.

See Deputy Lieutenant for the West Riding

Derby SchemeRef 1-1155
A system introduced in autumn 1915, by Lord Kitchener and Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby, to meet British military needs by requiring all men aged 18 to 41 years-old (who were not in a reserved occupation) to make a public declaration and join the armed services.

Many such men volunteered, others waited to be called by the local Parliamentary Recruiting Committee

DescendantRef 1-D4
Anyone – such as your children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren – to whom you are an ancestor

DesmesneRef 1-1656
Alternative form of Demesne

DevilRef 1-D19
A machine used for tearing rags and processing cotton waste.

A deviller was someone who operated the machine

Devil's arrowsRef 1-D33
A stylised arrow / heart-shaped symbol used on several local buildings from the 17th century. These were ritual symbols to frighten evil spirits and ward off bad luck

Devil's KnellRef 1-D7
The practice of ringing the church bell at midnight on Christmas Eve

DeviseRef 1-D32
A gift of real property by the will of the donor.

A devisee is the person receiving a devise, and the devisor is the person giving the devise in his/her will

DewingRef 1-269
A conditioning process used in cloth-making in which fabric is sprayed with a very fine mist of water

DexterRef 1-905
An heraldic term meaning the right side of a coat of arms, from the bearer's point of view (that is, on the left as it is depicted).

See Sinister

Diachylon plasterRef 1-D1
A medical dressing made from lead oxide, olive oil and water

DiagonalRef 1-2932
A fustian cloth

DialectRef 1-1312

DiarrhoeaRef 1-859
Aka Profluvium. A viral infection or irritation of the intestines, resulting in frequent or excessive action of the bowels so that the faeces are liquid or semi-liquid. During the 19th century it was the third biggest killer, and today it is the biggest killer of children in the world with an estimated 4·5 million children dying each year in Third World countries.

The name cholera was also used to describe incidences of the disease

Dice dutyRef 1-D13
There was a duty on dice from 1711 to 1862

Dig for VictoryRef 1-1927
A government slogan to encourage people to grow what food they could – in their own gardens and allotments – to cope with the shortages during World War II. The campaign was launched in October 1939 when Rob Hudson, Minister for Agriculture, said on the radio:
We want not only the big man with the plough but the little man with the spade to get busy this autumn. Let Dig for Victory be the motto of everyone with a garden
It began at a time when farmers could only produce 30% of the country's food, and by 1945, around 75% of food was produced in Britain.

Adverts featuring cartoon characters Potato Pete and Dr Carrot encouraged people to eat home-grown vegetables.

People were also encouraged to keep chickens for a supply of eggs. By 1945, there were around 1,250,000 people tending 12,000,000 hens.

See Pig Club and Savile Park

DigitRef 1-907
A unit of length equal to the width of a man's finger. A 28th part of a cubit

Diminishing the coinRef 1-2722
A term used to describe the clipping of coins

DimittiRef 1-D17

DimityRef 1-1185
A light cotton fabric used for children's clothes, dresses, blouses, bedspreads, curtains, and underwear

DinarRef 1-3001
Coin issued by Offa in 774.

See Penny

DipRef 1-2581
A cheap candle made by dipping a wick into tallow

DiphtheriaRef 1-827
Aka Bladder in the throat.

An acute and highly contagious disease of children in which a thick grey membrane forms across the air passage, making it difficult for the child to breathe.

This caused fever and severely weakened the heart, often resulting in death.

It was common until the 20th century. Occurs in winter.

See Arthur Nussey

DiseaseRef 1-878
The Foldout collects the entries for some of the diseases and industrial diseases which are mentioned on the Calderdale Companion

DispensaryRef 1-D14
Many charitable groups set up a dispensary to provide free medical treatment to the poor in he 18th/19th century. The Halifax dispensary was built in 1807 and originally situated near Halifax Parish Church. Every physician had to be a graduate of Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin, Edinburgh, or Glasgow. Surgical wards opened in 1823 and were extended in 1827. When it outgrew that building, the new Halifax Infirmary & Dispensary was opened in 1838

DisseisinRef 1-1259
The dispossession of land, or wrongfully depriving someone of the lawful seisin of lands.

See Seisin

Dissolution of the MonasteriesRef 1-405
Between 1536 and 1541, Henry VIII closed the monasteries in Britain and confiscated their property.

See Chantries, Priory of Lewes, Pilgrimage of Grace and Three Nuns, Mirfield

DistaffRef 1-2488
Aka Rock. The cleft stick about 3 feet in length which holds the wool which is drawn off by the spindle during spinning. The distaff was used before the spinning wheel was introduced in the Tudor period.

The task was often performed by women, hence the term distaff side meaning the female line of a family

DistemperRef 1-857
The word was used as a general term for any illness or disorder.

There was an epidemic in Halifax, Leeds, York, Hull and other places on December 1675.

It is now used for a number of infectious animal diseases – especially in dogs – which have symptoms such as catarrh, cough, and general weakness.

See Jolly Rant

DistrainRef 1-D25
To seize someone's goods and possessions until they answer a charge.

Action often taken against debtors.

See Replevine

Distraint of KnighthoodRef 1-1200
Henry III required freeholders with land / estates worth £20 or more per annum to take up knighthoods.

Further legislation was introduced by Charles I in 1630, in an attempt to raise revenue outside Parliament, and forced the English nobility to contribute large sums of money to the Crown. This was imposed on anyone not turning up to Charles I's coronation

See Composition

Dobbie loomRef 1-59
Aka Dobby loom, Witch loom. A loom which allowed the weaver to incorporate designs – such as motifs and flowers – into the cloth. A dobby is a pattern.

These were used to produce birds-eye cloth.

The loom was introduced in the early 19th century, and was superseded by the Jacquard loom

DobbyRef 1-173
A device attached to a loom to select and raise individual warp threads in order to make the pattern for weaving. Some could weave patterns of up to 160 threads.

It was known as a witch or witch engine in other parts of the country.

See Dobbie loom and Drum witch

DobbyRef 1-2021
A stupid boggart

Doctors & PhysiciansRef 1-D35
The Foldout collects the entries for some doctors, surgeons, physicians, apothecaries and dentists with links to the district

DoffRef 1-290
To remove a filled bobbin or cheese from a machine, and replacing it with an empty one.

This work is done by a doffer

Dog daysRef 1-D12
The hottest time of the year – 3rd July to 11th August – when Sirius, the dog star, rose at the same time as the sun

DoleRef 1-156
Food, money, or clothing – given by local benefactors – which were distributed to the needy by the church after the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The word was also used in the names of charitable causes. In some cases, the gifts were made over the grave of the founder of the charity, and were associated with chantries.

See Armytage dole and Dole cupboard

DoleRef 1-1764
A share of the common land, or a strip of meadow land, as distinct from the ploughed selion

Dole cupboardRef 1-1190
A cupboard or a shelf where bread and other food was placed as dole for the poor of the parish. This was done at special festivals and after the Sunday service

DollarRef 1-D21
Coin worth 60d = 5/-d introduced in 1804 by George III. He had issued the half dollar coin worth 4s/9d in 1797.

The name comes from the German Taler, which is short for Joachimstaler, a coin from the silver mine of Joachimstal, which is now Jáchymov in the Czech Republic

Domesday BookRef 1-325
When the Normans ruled Britain after the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror ordered that an Inquest be carried out to assess the loyalty of the Saxons in any future wars with the Danes and to enable the king to estimate the power of his vassal barons. The results were compiled into the Domesday Book [1086].

See Population statistics

Domestic systemRef 1-51
The production of cloth by small manufacturers working from their own homes and farms. This was recorded in the 14th century but predominantly in the period 1750-1780. Home production required minimal capital outlay, and there were plentiful resources – raw materials, water, and manpower. The whole family were involved in the process. This was the forerunner of the woollen industry in the area. The Piece Hall was established to provide a market place for such producers. In a great many cases, there was a dual economy, with the whole family working full time on the cloth production, except at sowing, harvest and other times when farming was busiest. Although the Industrial Revolution and the introduction of water power changed the general pattern of working, by 1856, only half of those working in the woollen industry were employed in factories.

See Pack house, Putting-out, Taking-in and Yeoman clothier

DonskoiRef 1-D15
A type of wool from Russia. Sir Titus Salt pioneered a method of processing the material

DoomRef 1-D3
A judgement, decision, law or ordinance in Old English England

Double-datingRef 1-D26
With the Calendar Reform of 1752, England changed from the old style which used the Julian calendar to the new style which used Gregorian calendar, and also moved the beginning of the year from 25th March to 1st January.

For this reason, dates often quote the year in both forms for dates between 1st January and 24th March for years before 1752 – for example February 12th 1719/20 – this is known as double-dating

Double-decker houseRef 1-14
Another name for top-and-bottom houses

DoublingRef 1-272
A combing process used in cloth-making which twists together two single yarns to produce a thicker double yarn.

The work was done by a doubler

DoubloonRef 1-3004
A former gold coin of Spain and Spanish America.

See Foreign coins

DovecoteRef 1-1873
Aka Columbarium. A place for keeping pigeons. This may take the form of a free-standing structure, or it may be built into the wall of a house with a set of external holes to allow the birds to enter. The birds could be reached from inside the house.

Many local houses – such as

- had these in the roof or attic space to provide food for the family, and were valued for their meat, eggs, feathers, down and dung.

In April 2004, the Mayoress opened a dovecote in Halifax Bus Station. The dovecote, on 15 ft high pole, will allow the birds' eggs to be removed, thus reducing the pigeon population in the town

DowerRef 1-1245
The rights of a widow – during her lifetime – to a portion (typically one-third) of her late husband's estate for her sustenance and the education of her children. Also the daughter's share of an inheritance.

See Dower House and Dowry

Dower HouseRef 1-716
A house built for the widow of the lord of the manor after the heir had inherited the title and the manor.

See Wood Cottage, Todmorden

DowryRef 1-1244
The land, money, goods, and/or personal property which is brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage.

See Dower

DrachmRef 1-938
Also dram. A unit of weight equal to 1/8th or 1/16th of an ounce = 1·772 grams.

See Ounce apothecaries

DraftingRef 1-282
See Drawing

DrainRef 1-1264
An artificial channel – or leat – to drain the water off moorland and direct it to a stream or reservoir.

The element is used in several local names – such as Broadhead Drain and Warland Drain.

See Grip

Draper loomRef 1-295
A loom with an automatic bobbin changer which discards an empty bobbin and replaces it with a full bobbin

Draw-boyRef 1-484
A weaver's assistant who stood at the side of the loom and, by means of gearing and harness, raised the correct healds at the right moment.

The cloth produced in this manner was known as drawboy.

This was a forerunner of the technique which was mechanised in the Jacquard loom

Draw, hang & quarterRef 1-D8
A punishment in which the victim was dragged on a hurdle to the gallows, hanged, cut down and then cut into pieces which were exposed at different locations

DrawbackRef 1-D9
A rebate which cloth manufacturers could claim from a tax on soap in the 19th century

DrawingRef 1-277
Aka Drafting.

A process used in cloth-making in which slivers are blended, levelled and then drawn, reducing the fibres to a single fine sliver – known as roving – which is suitable for making into yarn

DrengRef 1-D23
Also dring. A free, prosperous farmer before the Norman Conquest. The name usually implies that land is held in return for military service. The word comes from the Norse and is found in place names in some parts of Yorkshire and Lancashire

DressingRef 1-245
The process of starching or sizing the warp to strengthen it for weaving.

The name is also used for the process of mozing or brushing the finished cloth to raise the nap. This stage was mechanised by the gig mill.

See Cropping

Drift mineRef 1-153
An open coal mine which is cut into the side of a hill.

Local names for these include Breast 'ees, Light hole pits Day hole pits

DrillRef 1-2910
A durable fustian cloth made of cotton. The cloth is used for uniforms, work clothes, slip covers, sportswear, and industrial uses

DrippingRef 1-1276
The fat which drips from meat during roasting, was collected and used in further cooking – notably in the making of fish and chips – and also as a savoury alternative to butter on toast or bread.

See John Marshall Sykes

Druggists & ChemistsRef 1-D5

DruidsRef 1-D20
See Ancient Order of Druids, Druids' Arms, Greetland, Druids' Arms, Halifax, Society of Druids and United Order of Druids

Drum witchRef 1-165
A mechanised witch which could weave patterns of about 40 threads

Dry-stone wallRef 1-162
A wall constructed from selected stones and assembled without mortar.

They were first used in the 16th and 17th century with the introduction of enclosures as assarting depleted the supply of hedges and timber for fences.

The stones used in constructing the walls were originally collected as the land was cleared for the fields.

Large stones are used to create the foundation for the wall, then 2 vertical faces are raised – leaning inwards – and the 2 faces are joined at intervals by a through-stone to strengthen and stabilise the structure. Small stones – pinners – are used to steady large stones and stop them rocking. The cavity between the 2 side faces are filled with small stones and rubble. The whole is then finished with a row of single top-stones.

Most of the enclosed land was walled by around 1850.

See Cripple Hole

DryingRef 1-164
During the cloth-making process, the wool was dried in the open-air, and cloth was dried in the open-air on tenter hooks or by wuzzing. Later, air-drying was carried out in ventilated buildings, and from the early 19th century by heat in a heated dryhouse, or in a heated machine. For economic reasons, natural drying on tenters continued to be used into the industrial era

Drying houseRef 1-1167
Purpose-built houses for drying cloth. Some examples were at Old Lane, Boothtown

Dual economyRef 1-2614
Many farmers supplemented their income from pastoral and arable farming by the domestic system of manufacturing cloth in their own homes and farms.

This meant that, in winter – when the weather and other factors made farming less productive, then the worker could turn his hand to cloth production – or – in summer – when dried up streams brought machinery to a stand-still, then the worker could turn his hand to the land.

In the stone quarrying and coal mining areas of the district, particularly in the hillier areas where farming was less common, a form of dual economy was practised as small-scale stone delving and cloth making, or small-scale coal mining and cloth making.

In some cases, the non-farming activities included brewing.

Cornelius Ashworth was one of the last people able to make a living from the dual economy.

See Fulling mills and Yorkshire Trade

DucatRef 1-2974
A gold coin used in many European countries, so called because of the portrait of the doge depicted on one side.

See Foreign coins

Ducking stoolRef 1-313
Aka erroneously as the cucking stool.

A chair fixed to the end of a pole which was raised and lowered into water as a form of punishment.

It was used to punish people such as scolds [nagging women], persistent drunks, and brewers of bad ale. A twin-seater version was used to punish quarrelling married couples.

Locally, they are recorded at Elland, Heptonstall, Sowerby Bridge, Halifax, and Stainland

DulingRef 1-330
A stage in the cloth-making process – aka willeying – when the dried wool – or other raw material – was beaten to remove dust, to disentangle the material, to open matted locks, and to blend the staples into a consistent material.

A worker who did this was known as a duler, a devil minder, a devil worker, a tuler, or a tueler, and used a dule machine.

In the mid-19th century, a number of mill fires were recorded as having started in the dule room.

See Dule

This & associated entries use material contributed by Stan Mapstone

Dumb boatRef 1-2873
A wooden vessel used on the canals. These were steered with a tiller and hauled by a horse on the towpath.

See Horse marine

DuroyRef 1-2895
A coarse woollen cloth.

Records for Akroyd's mill show that they produced the fabric in 1811

Dutch WarsRef 1-2460
[1652-1784] In the 17th and 18th centuries, there was a series of wars between the English and the Dutch over shipping and trade routes

Dye-houseRef 1-100
Aka Lithairse. A factory – or a part of a factory – where cloth was dyed See Dye works and Dyeing

Dyes & dyeingRef 1-190
In the early domestic system, much of the cloth was plain and uncoloured. Later, the wool was dyed between washing and weaving to produce coloured and patterned cloth.

From around 1850, dyeing became a significant industry in and around Hebden Bridge. There was also dyeing at Brookfoot. The water in the area was said to be good and in sufficient quantities which made it suitable for use in the dyeing process.

See Lister surname, Annatto, Annatto-maker, Archil-maker, Autumn crocus, Blackburn & Sutcliffe, John Bottomley, Bradford Dyers' Association, Brasiler, Brookfoot, Calderside Mill, Hebden Bridge, Copperas, Dan Crabtree & Sons, Cudbear, James Davis & Sons Limited, Drysalter, Dye-house, Dye works, English Velvet & Cord Dyers' Association Limited, Gale, Halifax Dyeing Company, Halifax Legs, Hebden Dyeing Company, Helliwell & Ingham, Isaac Holmes, Hops, Jig, Lithairse, Logwood, Madder, Robert Nellson, Norland Moor Farm, Purple dye, Joseph Richardson, Thomas Riley, Safflower, Saffron, Slubbing dyeing, Turkey red, Wainhouse Tower, Halifax, Geppe Walker, Nelle Walker, Walshaw, Drake & Company Limited, Nathaniel Waterhouse and Weld

See: Masher / Industry

Dynastic marriagesRef 1-560

DysenteryRef 1-829
Aka Flux, Lask. An inflammation of the large intestine causing pain and loss of blood. The disease is transmitted by unclean drinking water. It was common until the 20th century



© Malcolm Bull 2024
Revised 11:37 / 25th August 2024 / 66665

Page Ref: B113_D

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